REV-ERB agonist raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2025-09-21. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Nickname is not a chemical name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Often with isotope-labeled internal standard. |
| Storage temperature | -20 °C | Desiccated and protected from light. |
| Solution stability | DMSO stock; avoid freeze-thaw | Store at -20 to -80 °C. |
| Regulatory status | Not approved; varies by country | May be restricted as research chemical. |
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
Some proteins that are disordered or helical as monomers, such as amyloid β (see amyloid plaque) can form β-sheet-rich oligomeric structures associated with pathological states. The amyloid β protein's oligomeric form is implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's. Its structure has yet to be determined in full, but recent data suggest that it may resemble an unusual two-strand β-helix. The side chains from the amino acid residues found in a β-sheet structure may also be arranged such that many of the adjacent sidechains on one side of the sheet are hydrophobic, while many of those adjacent to each other on the alternate side of the sheet are polar or charged (hydrophilic), which can be useful if the sheet is to form a boundary between polar/watery and nonpolar/greasy environments. Collagen helix Foldamers Folding (chemistry) Tertiary structure α-helix Structural motif Anatomy & Taxonomy of Protein Structures -survey Archived 2019-03-16 at the Wayback Machine NetSurfP - Secondary Structure and Surface Accessibility predictor
Anne Ephrussi studied biology at Harvard University in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from where she graduated in 1979. She continued to do her PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the group of Susumu Tonegawa where she received her doctoral degree in 1985. Ephrussi performed postdoctoral research at Harvard University in the lab of Thomas Maniatis from 1986 to 1989 and at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research with Ruth Lehmann from 1989 to 1992. Since 1992, Anne Ephrussi has been a group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). She became the head of EMBL International Centre for Advanced Training in 2005. She served as Associate Dean (1999 - 2005) and Dean (2005 - 2008) of Graduate Studies of the EMBL International PhD program and as head of the developmental biology unit (2007-2021). She is part of numerous international Scientific Advisory Boards and Panels, organizes international conferences and scientific meetings and evaluates research grant and fellowship applications for a variety of renowned funding bodies.
Biochemical differences between different organisms and humans are useful for drug development. For instance, penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme DD-transpeptidase, destroying the development of the bacterial cell wall and inducing cell death. Thus, the study of binding sites is relevant to many fields of research, including cancer mechanisms, drug formulation, and physiological regulation. The formulation of an inhibitor to mute a protein's function is a common form of pharmaceutical therapy.
The Edman degradation is an alternative method for peptide sequencing that cleaves amino acid residues from the N-terminus of a peptide. In 1950 Edman designed a reaction with phenylthiocyanate (the idea for which was borrowed from a 1927 study by Bergmann, Kann and Miekeley ) to give phenylthiocarbamyl peptides followed by hydrolysis under relatively mild conditions to cleave N-terminal amino acid as phenylthiohydantoin. Phenylthiohydantoin is stable enough to undergo various sequencing procedures such as those which involve chromatography and mass spectrometry. This was an improvement on an earlier method proposed by Abderhalden and Brockmann in 1930 that demonstrated N-terminal amino acid conversion to a hydantoin under stronger hydrolytic conditions, where some cleavage of the residual peptide proved problematic. The primary advantage the Edman degradation has over the Bergmann degradation is the ease with which the residual peptide can re-enter the process due to retention of its structure throughout sequential cleaving. Repetition of the Bergmann degradation is presumably not as straightforward, as the remaining peptide is in amide form.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
S-Arrestin is a protein found in mice that binds to rhodopsin to stop its activity, preventing further signaling. S-arrestin binds to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), like rhodopsin, following receptor activation and phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Rhodopsin is found in rod cells of the retina, essential for vision. It detects light and initiates a signaling cascade called phototransduction. However, excessive activation can be harmful, so it must be carefully regulated. The phosphorylation of the receptor's intracellular loops and C-terminal tail creates a high-affinity binding site for S-arrestin. S-arrestin then sterically hinders further G protein coupling, effectively desensitizing the receptor and directing it towards alternative signaling pathways or internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
There are several national and international bioanalytical organisations active throughout the world. Often they are part of a bigger organisation, e.g. Bioanalytical Focus Group and Ligand Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group, which are both within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) and FABIAN, a working group of the Analytical Chemistry Section of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society. The European Bioanalysis Forum (EBF), on the other hand, is independent of any larger society or association.
Several case studies studying deletions in the 7p22.3 genomic region, where the SNX8 gene is located, found that it contributes to neurodevelopmental problems with considerable impairments in the motor, cognitive and socio-emotional areas, with malformations in the heart and craniofacial structures, with developmental, intellectual and language delay, with mild intellectual disability and with cognitive impairment associated with autism in some cases. This idea is supported by the fact that the overlapping deleted regions of the different patients of these studies contained SNX8, which suggests that it is one of the accountable genes.
The vaginal environment is slightly acidic, with pH ranging from 3.8 - 4.5 based on multiple factors such as age, natural bacteria, and stage of menstrual cycle. Due to the variety in possible pH values, this poses an interesting consideration for drug delivery. Absorption and release of drugs is often influenced by pH, so if the pH is changing through the menstrual cycle, different combinations could be needed at different times to achieve the most effective drug delivery system.
Alpha-synuclein has been shown to interact with Dopamine transporter, Parkin (ligase), Phospholipase D1, SNCAIP, Tau protein. Beta amyloid Synuclein Contursi Terme - the village in Italy where a mutation in the α-synuclein gene led to a family history of Parkinson's disease Anti-α-synuclein drug Media related to Alpha-synuclein at Wikimedia Commons alpha-Synuclein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human SNCA genome location and SNCA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Recent advances have enabled simultaneous profiling of chromatin accessibility alongside other molecular modalities in the same cells or tissue sections. Spatial ATAC–RNA-seq and spatial CUT&Tag–RNA-seq allow co-profiling of genome-wide chromatin accessibility or histone modifications in conjunction with whole transcriptome on the same tissue section at near-single-cell resolution. ISSAAC-seq (In Situ Sequencing of chromatin Accessibility And Cellular transcriptomes) represents a multimodal update to ATAC-seq, providing a powerful method for investigating gene expression and chromatin accessibility within the same cell at high sensitivity and lower cost than commercially available kits. These multimodal approaches have led to the development of computational tools like SCRIPro, which combines transcription factor-target importance from epigenomic data with transcription factor-target expression from transcriptomic data to construct gene regulatory networks from single-cell and spatial multiomics data.
A helix has an overall dipole moment due to the aggregate effect of the individual microdipoles from the carbonyl groups of the peptide bond pointing along the helix axis. The effects of this macrodipole are a matter of some controversy. α-helices often occur with the N-terminal end bound by a negatively charged group, sometimes an amino acid side chain such as glutamate or aspartate, or sometimes a phosphate ion. Some regard the helix macrodipole as interacting electrostatically with such groups. Others feel that this is misleading and it is more realistic to say that the hydrogen bond potential of the free NH groups at the N-terminus of an α-helix can be satisfied by hydrogen bonding; this can also be regarded as set of interactions between local microdipoles such as C=O···H−N.
isoform.io is a database of AlphaFold2-generated structures of proposed splice isoforms in the human genome. It includes information from 237,275 human transcripts. It has been used to detect errors in the mRNA predictions for a handful of genes. AlphaFold has shown certain limitations. AlphaFold DB provides models of individual protein chains (monomers), rather than their biologically relevant complexes. Many protein regions are predicted with low confidence score, including the intrinsically disordered protein regions. Alphafold-2 was validated for predicting effects of point mutations on structure and free energy, with a partial success.
High rates of cardiovascular disease creates a high demand for grafts for vascular bypass surgery, especially small-diameter grafts which prevent occlusion. Modifying vascular tissue grafts with RGD has been shown to inhibit platelet adhesion, improve cell infiltration and enhance endothelialization. There have also been efforts to regenerate damaged heart tissues by applying cardiac patches following myocardial infarction. The addition of RGD onto a cardiac tissue scaffold has been shown to promote cell adhesion, prevent apoptosis and enhance tissue regeneration. RGD peptide has also been used to improve endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation on synthetic heart valves.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.
Solid material is usually kept at -20 °C, desiccated, and protected from light. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks should be stored cold and subjected to minimal freeze-thaw cycles. Aqueous solutions are generally less stable and should be prepared fresh when possible.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. It is not an approved medicine, and some places restrict or ban sales for human consumption. Buyers should verify local rules and product documentation before procurement.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that binds and modulates the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in laboratory studies of circadian biology and metabolism, not as an approved medicine. It is also known by the informal name Stenabolic.